Īlthough cognitive behavioural therapy has proven to be effective in treating anxiety, limited accessibility to treatment remains a challenge. The overdose rate increased concurrently from 0.58 to 3.07 per 100,000 adults. Between 19, there was an average annual increase in benzodiazepine prescription of 2.5% in the United States, which represents an increase in the quantity of benzodiazepines consumed from 1.1 to 3.6 kilograms per 100,000 adults. In more extreme cases, benzodiazepines are prescribed to treat anxiety, are taken on an as-needed basis, are overused and are physically and psychologically addictive, particularly if used over extended periods of time. However, response rates to anti-anxiety medication can be poor, many patients also can have negative side effects such as sexual dysfunction and it is difficult to predict reliably which patients will respond well and which will have a limited treatment response. Many anxiety treatments exist, including anti-anxiety medications (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines), cognitive strategies, behavioural approaches (cognitive behavioural therapy, exposure, relaxation), mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches. This suggests that treatments that target cortisol and other components of the HPA axis may be potentially effective in treating anxiety. Indeed, higher cortisol levels are present in people suffering from anxiety disorders. Specifically, increased activity of the HPA axis is associated with hypercortisolemia and reduced inhibitory feedback. The bulk of the evidence indicates that ELS often lead to permanent changes in the HPA axis and may develop into anxiety in adulthood.
In these terms, it is likely that the COVID19 pandemic could be an ELS for many people during this time. ELS has the effect of negatively influencing an individual’s development affecting all spheres of an individual’s life: emotional, cognitive, behavioural, social and physical. In many cases the origins of anxiety can be traced to early stressful life events (ELS) that alter the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. adults being three times more likely to screen positive for anxiety disorders in April/May 2020 compared to 2019. COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns have further increased the prevalence of anxiety with U.S. The economic cost of anxiety in the 1990’s in the United States was estimated to range from $42.3 billion to $46.6 billion. Anxiety has been steadily increasing, particularly in the adolescent and young adult populations in the past 24 years.
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